Mẹo Hướng dẫn What is the purpose of the spines of sticklebacks? Chi Tiết
Bùi Bình Minh đang tìm kiếm từ khóa What is the purpose of the spines of sticklebacks? được Cập Nhật vào lúc : 2022-10-27 19:22:07 . Với phương châm chia sẻ Thủ Thuật về trong nội dung bài viết một cách Chi Tiết 2022. Nếu sau khi Read tài liệu vẫn ko hiểu thì hoàn toàn có thể lại Comments ở cuối bài để Tác giả lý giải và hướng dẫn lại nha.Abstract
Feeding experiments with Pike (Esox lucius L.) and Perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) as predators, and Three-spined Sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.), Ten-spined Sticklebacks (Pygosteus pungitius L.), Minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus (L.)), Roach (Rutilus rutilus (L.)), Rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus (L.)) and Crucian Carp (Carassius carassius (L.)) as prey species show that both species of stickleback enjoy a demonstrable degree of protection from these predators. This protection is much better for Gasterosteus than for Pygosteus; tests with de-spined sticklebacks show that it is mainly due to the spines. A description of the predatory behaviour of Perch and Pike is given; analysis of the experiments shows that (1) sticklebacks are rejected when, after being snapped up, their spines hurt the predator's mouth; (2) after very few experiences both Perch and Pike become negatively conditioned to the sight of sticklebacks and avoid them before they have made contact. As a result of this conditioning, the last links of the predators' feeding chain drop out; in Pike, mere fixation with two eyes was often sufficient to recognise the prey as unwanted. The possession of few and large spines in Gasterosteus must be regarded as more specialised than that of many small spines as found in various other species of stickleback. There is a correlation between the extreme development of this anti-predator device in Gasterosteus and (1) its boldness, (2) its tendency to select a more open nesting habitat, (3) the schooling and wandering tendencies of the females in the spawning season, and (4) its relatively conspicuous nuptial colours; these correlations suggest an interrelationship between anti-predator devices and reproductive behaviour and structures; the evolution of these two systems must have occurred in conjunction with each other. /// Es wurde untersucht ob drei- und zehnstachliche Stichlinge Hechten und Barschen gegenüber durch ihre Stacheln geschützt sind. Acht Hechte von 10 bis 25 cm Länge und fünf Barsche von ungefähr gleicher Grösse wurden in verschiedenen Versuchsreihen mit beiden Stichlingsarten, vier nicht bestachelten Arten (Elritze, Karausche, Plötze, Rot-feder) sowie entstachelten dreistachligen Stichlingen gefüttert. Es ergab sich, dass beide Stichlingsarten durch ihre Stacheln geschützt sind, Gasterosteus aber weit besser also Pygosteus. Der Schutz beruht auf zwei verschiedenen Umständen: erstens werden Stichlinge oft geweigert nachdem sie schon ergriffen oder gar verschluckt worden sind - eine nicht bedingte Reaktion auf mechanische Reizung durch die Stacheln. Zweitens lernen beide Raubfeinde, wenn nicht zu hungrig, Stichlinge schon auf Grund von Sehreizen zu weigern. Hierbei fallen die Endelemente der Reaktionskette aus; beim Hecht geht das sogar so weit, dass blosses Einstellen und beidäugiges Fixieren schon genügt, um einen Stichling als nicht erwünscht zu erkennen. Die Ergebnisse können nur teilweise auf Freilandverhältnisse übertragen werden: Mageninhaltsuntersuchungen an Hechten von Windermere (Frost, 1954) ergaben, dass Elritzen (die dort häufigere Art) zwar von jungen Hechten weit mehr als Gasterosteus erbeutet werden, von über 50 cm langen Hechten aber weniger. Die vorliegende Arbeit besagt aber hauptsächlich, dass intakte Stichlinge weniger gern gefressen werden als entstachelte. Der erhebliche Unterschied zwischen Gasterosteus und Pygosteus wird näher erörtert. Er ist wohl auf die Grösse und Stärke der Stacheln von Gasterosteus zurückzuführen. Es kann wohl als sicher betrachtet werden, dass der Pygosteus-Typus älter und mehr verbreitet ist als der Gasterosteus-Typ, und dass die Stachelbewaffnung von Gasterosteus eine rezente Spezialisierung darstellt. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, dass diese Spezialisierung, die einen besseren Schutz vor Raubfeinden darstellt, mit wenigstens vier anderen Verhaltens- bzw. Strukturspezialisierungen einhergegangen ist: (1) der auffallenden Zahmheit von Gasterosteus; (2) seiner Wahl eines mehr offenen Biotops; (3) dem Zusammenschulen und der Neigung zum Umherstreifen der reifen Weibchen, und (4) den höchst auffälligen Balzfarben der Männchen. Es scheint klar, dass bei der adaptiven Radiation die verschiedenen Verhaltens- und Struktursysteme im wechselseitigem Zusammenhang verändert worden sind, und zwar scheint dabei die Verteidigung gegen Raubfeinden eine gewisse Priorität gehabt zu haben.
Nội dung chính Show- How do spines protect stickleback fish?Do sticklebacks have spines?Why do fish have spines?Where are the spines of the stickleback fish?
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Behaviour publishes original research pursuing Tinbergen's four questions and questions resulting from the interrelationship among the four. In addition, the editorial board encourages reviews of behavioural biology that illuminate emergent trends and new directions in behavioural research. Niko Tinbergen (1907-1988) defined 4 questions for research in behavioral biology: Proximate causation of behaviour: 1. How does an animal use its sensory and motor abilities to activate and modify its behaviour patterns? (physiological mechanisms) 2. How does an animal's behaviour change during its growth, especially in response to the experiences that it has while maturing? (ontogeny of development) Ultimate causation of behaviour: 3. How does the behaviour promote an animal's ability to survive and reproduce? (adaptation) 4. How does an animal's behaviour compare with that of other closely related species, and what does this tell us about the origins of its behavior and the changes that have occurred during the history of the species? (phylogeny) Niko Tinbergen shared, with Konrad Lorenz and Karl von Frisch, the 1973 Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology for contributions to the study of behavioural biology. Tinbergen was heart an experimentalist who, more than Lorenz and von Frisch, applied the scientific method to the field of animal and human behaviour. It is his experimental approach to the study of behaviour that lasts to this day. That is why Tinbergen listed questions and not answers (theorems or laws). The answers (or least some of them) are published monthly in Behaviour, the journal Tinbergen co-founded with W. H. Thorpe in 1948.
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BRILL, founded in 1683, is a publishing house with a strong international focus. BRILL is renowned for its publications in the following subject areas; Asian Studies, Ancient Near East & Egypt, Biblical Studies & Religious Studies, Classical Studies, Medieval & Early Modern Studies, Middle East & Islamic Studies. BRILL's mainly English language publications include book series, individual monographs and encyclopaedias as well as journals. Publications are increasingly becoming available in electronic format (CD-ROM and/or online editions).BRILL is proud to work with a broad range of scholars and authors and to serve its many customers throughout the world. Throughout its existence the company has been honored with many awards which recognise BRILL's contribution to science, publishing and international trade.
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How do spines protect stickleback fish?
in the form of bony plates and spines projecting from the back and pelvis. When threatened, a stickleback can simultaneously flare out its pair of pelvic spines and three dorsal spines, making it difficult for predators to swallow them.Do sticklebacks have spines?
Seafaring stickleback fish sport a pair of prominent spines sticking out from their pectoral fins. Their freshwater cousins look far less threatening, outfitted with much smaller spines.Why do fish have spines?
Many fish species evolved parts of their fins into sharp, spiny, needle-like elements -- called fin spines -- that function to protect the fish against predators. Such spines have evolved independently in different lineages and are considered evolutionary drivers of fish diversity.Where are the spines of the stickleback fish?
Sticklebacks are small, scaleless fish with spines along their back in front of their dorsal fin. Tải thêm tài liệu liên quan đến nội dung bài viết What is the purpose of the spines of sticklebacks?