Kinh Nghiệm về All of the following statements accurately describe attribution theory EXCEPT Chi Tiết
Hä tªn bè đang tìm kiếm từ khóa All of the following statements accurately describe attribution theory EXCEPT được Cập Nhật vào lúc : 2022-12-16 07:46:11 . Với phương châm chia sẻ Kinh Nghiệm về trong nội dung bài viết một cách Chi Tiết 2022. Nếu sau khi Read tài liệu vẫn ko hiểu thì hoàn toàn có thể lại Comments ở cuối bài để Ad lý giải và hướng dẫn lại nha.The term brand personality refers to a set of human characteristics that are attributed to a brand name. An effective brand increases its brand equity by having a consistent set of traits that a specific consumer segment enjoys. This personality is a qualitative value-add that a brand gains in addition to its functional benefits. As such, a brand personality is something to which the consumer can relate.
Nội dung chính Show- Key TakeawaysHow Brand Personality WorksTypes Interpersonal AttributionPredictive AttributionExplanatory AttributionTheories Correspondent Inference TheoryHeider's 'Common Sense' TheoryBiases and ErrorsThe Actor-Observer BiasThe Fundamental Attribution ErrorSelf-Serving Bias
Key Takeaways
- Brand personality is a set of human characteristics that are attributed to a brand name.Companies should accurately define their brand personalities so they resonate with the right consumers.A company's brand should aim to elicit a positive emotional response from a targeted consumer segment.The personal side of brand personality is so important especially in the digital age of artificial intelligence and automation.Don't confuse brand personality with imagery, which consists of a company's creative assets.
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Brand PersonalityHow Brand Personality Works
Brand personality is a framework that helps a company or organization shape the way people feel about its product, service, or mission. A company's brand personality should not be confused with its imagery. A company's imagery is a series of creative assets that communicate the tangible benefits of its brand. Conversely, a firm's brand personality directly creates an emotional association in the mind of an ideal consumer group.
In social psychology, attribution is the process of inferring the causes of events or behaviors. In real life, attribution is something we all do every day, usually without any awareness of the underlying processes and biases that lead to our inferences.
For example, over the course of a typical day, you probably make numerous attributions about your own behavior as well as that of the people around you.
When you get a poor grade on a quiz, you might blame the teacher for not adequately explaining the material, completely dismissing the fact that you didn't study. When a classmate gets a great grade on the same quiz, you might attribute their good performance to luck, neglecting the fact that they have excellent study habits.
What impact do attributions for behavior really have on your life? The attributions you make each and every day have an important influence on your feelings as well as how you think and relate to other people.
Types
Why do we make internal attributions for some things while making external attributions for others? Part of this has to do with the type of attribution we are likely to use in a particular situation. Cognitive biases often play major roles as well.
The main types of attributions you may use in daily life include the following.
Interpersonal Attribution
When telling a story to a group of friends or acquaintances, you are likely to tell the story in a way that places you in the best possible light.
Predictive Attribution
We also tend to attribute things in ways that allow us to make future predictions. If your car was vandalized, you might attribute the crime to the fact that you parked in a particular parking garage. As a result, you may avoid that parking garage in the future.
Explanatory Attribution
We use explanatory attributions to help us make sense of the world around us. Some people have an optimistic explanatory style, while others tend to be more pessimistic.
People with an optimistic style attribute positive events to stable, internal, and global causes and negative events to unstable, external, and specific causes. Those with a pessimistic style attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global causes and positive events to external, stable, and specific causes.
Theories
Psychologists have also introduced a number of different theories to help further understand how the attribution process works.
Correspondent Inference Theory
In 1965, Edward Jones and Keith Davis suggested that people make inferences about others in cases where actions are intentional rather than accidental. When people see others acting in certain ways, they look for a correspondence between the person's motives and their behaviors. The inferences people then make are based on the degree of choice, the expectedness of the behavior, and the effects of that behavior.
Heider's 'Common Sense' Theory
In his 1958 book, "The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations," Fritz Heider suggested that people observe others, analyze their behavior, and come up with their own common-sense explanations for their actions.
Heider groups these explanations into either external attributions or internal attributions. External attributions are those that are blamed on situational forces, while internal attributions are blamed on individual characteristics and traits.
Biases and Errors
The following biases and errors can also influence attribution.
The Actor-Observer Bias
Interestingly, when it comes to explaining our own behavior, we tend to have the opposite bias of the fundamental attribution error. When something happens, we are more likely to blame external forces than our personal characteristics. In psychology, this tendency is known as the actor-observer bias.
How can we explain this tendency? One possible reason is that we simply have more information about our own situation than we do about other people's. When it comes to explaining your own actions, you have more information about yourself and the situational variables play. When you're trying to explain another person's behavior, you are a bit of a disadvantage; you only have the information that is readily observable.
Not surprisingly, people are less likely to fall victim to the actor-observer discrepancy with people that they know very well. Because you know more about the personality and behavior of people you're close to, you are better able to take their point of view and more likely to be aware of possible situational causes for their behaviors.
Actor-Observer Bias in Social Psychology
The Fundamental Attribution Error
When it comes to other people, we tend to attribute causes to internal factors such as personality characteristics and ignore or minimize external variables. This phenomenon tends to be very widespread, particularly among individualistic cultures.
Psychologists refer to this tendency as the fundamental attribution error; even though situational variables are very likely present, we automatically attribute the cause to internal characteristics.
The fundamental attribution error explains why people often blame other people for things over which they usually have no control. The term blaming the victim is often used by social psychologists to describe a phenomenon in which people blame innocent victims of crimes for their misfortune.
In such cases, people may accuse the victim of failing to protect themselves from the sự kiện by behaving in a certain manner or not taking specific precautionary steps to avoid or prevent the sự kiện.
Examples of this include accusing survivors of rape, domestic violence, and kidnapping of behaving in a manner that somehow provoked their attackers. Researchers suggest that hindsight bias causes people to mistakenly believe that victims should have been able to predict future events and therefore take steps to avoid them.
Self-Serving Bias
Think about the last time you received a good grade on an exam. Chances are that you attributed your success to internal factors, such as "I did well because I am smart" or "I did well because I studied and was well-prepared."
What happens when you receive a poor grade, though? Social psychologists have found that in this situation, you are more likely to attribute your failure to external forces, such as "I failed because the teacher included trick questions" or "The classroom was so hot that I couldn't concentrate." Notice that both of these explanations lay the blame on outside forces rather than accepting personal responsibility.
Psychologists refer to this phenomenon as the self-serving bias. So why are we more likely to attribute our success to our personal characteristics and blame outside variables for our failures? Researchers believe that blaming external factors for failures and disappointments helps protect self-esteem.
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