Kinh Nghiệm Hướng dẫn Activist nineteenth-century presidents tended to claim that they were exercising ______. Chi Tiết
Bùi Nam Khánh đang tìm kiếm từ khóa Activist nineteenth-century presidents tended to claim that they were exercising ______. được Update vào lúc : 2022-10-30 21:10:08 . Với phương châm chia sẻ Thủ Thuật Hướng dẫn trong nội dung bài viết một cách Chi Tiết 2022. Nếu sau khi Read nội dung bài viết vẫn ko hiểu thì hoàn toàn có thể lại Comment ở cuối bài để Tác giả lý giải và hướng dẫn lại nha.Chapter Study Outline
Introduction
Nội dung chính Show- Chapter Study OutlineWhat power did president a exercise?Which statement is true concerning the president's veto power quizlet?What amendment adopted in 1951 prevents presidents from running more than two terms?Which is a power that is granted to the president by the Constitution?
Although recent presidents have encountered numerous political troubles, the institution of the American presidency has grown in power and prominence over the past century. Designed as a “unitary” office, the presidency possesses a capacity for quick decision and action. In the twentieth century, a strong executive emerged and was institutionalized in American national politics as the power of the president, the office of the presidency and the executive branch, and popular expectations for strong presidential leadership all increased. Even though the framers anticipated that Congress would be the predominant branch of government, contemporary presidents wield formidable formal and informal resources of governance.
1. The Constitutional Basis of the Presidency
What was the character of the presidency that the Constitution established? How did the process of presidential selection help to define this character? How have changes in presidential selection affected presidential leadership?
- Article II of the Constitution vested the executive power in an independent, unitary president of the United States. Although some delegates to the Constitutional Convention favored a multi-person “executive council,” most framers thought a unitary (single-person) executive was preferable because it could take quick and aggressive action. Much of Article II is devoted
to setting forth how the president will be selected. As opposed to Congress or the people selecting the president, the Constitution established the “electoral college” as an indirect means of electing the president, thus making the executive responsible to the state and national legislators rather than to the electorate. Presidential independence of Congress was strengthened in the nineteenth century as party conventions displaced the less democratic caucus system (known as “King
Caucus”) and nominations of presidential candidates became more democratized; the continued democratization of presidential selection with the eventual adoption of the system of primary elections in the twentieth century further enhanced presidential independence.
2. The Constitutional Powers of the Presidency
With what types of constitutional powers is the president endowed? How have these powers changed over time?
- Scholars cite three main types of
presidential powers: expressed powers, delegated powers, and inherent powers.
- Expressed powers are those powers specifically granted to the president in Article II, Sections 2 and 3, of the Constitution. Given that Article II declares that the president “shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed,” when Congress enacts laws, it delegates power to the president and the executive branch to implement its will; such delegated powers constitute an
important, expandable source of presidential strength. Inherent powers are those that presidents claim that are not expressed in the Constitution but are inferred from it; they are most often asserted during times of war or national emergency.
- As “Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United
States, and of the Militia of the several States,” the president possesses military powers and heads the nation’s security and intelligence agencies; these powers also include deploying troops to enforce federal decisions and declarations of “states of emergency.” In response to presidential unilateralism, in 1973 Congress passed the War Powers Resolution.The president exercises judicial power when he or she grants pardons, reprieves, and amnesty. As “head of state,” the
president has the diplomatic powers to make treaties (though their ratification requires Senate approval), receive ambassadors, and create executive agreements. The president also possesses executive powers that include the duty to see that all laws are faithfully executed and the power to appoint principal executive officers and federal judges (though this requires Senate approval); as chief executive, the president enjoys a power known as “executive privilege,” which makes
confidential the communications between the president and his or her advisers and adds to executive power. Charged by the Constitution with “giv[ing] to the Congress Information of the State of the Union” and the power to veto legislation, presidents also have powers in the legislative process; these legislative powers have been transformed and expanded to include legislative initiative, the ability to bring a legislative agenda before Congress, and the issuance of executive orders that
instruct the executive branch and often have the effect of legislation. For example, soon after taking office, President Barack Obama seized the initiative in presenting Congress with a budget proposal designed to address America’s financial crisis and recessed economy.
- Congress has, for the most part, volunteered to delegate
legislative authority to the executive since it cannot administer all of the laws and programs it creates. The scope and degree of specificity of congressional delegations varies by legislation and over time.
3. The Rise of Presidential Government
What was the president’s role during the era of legislative supremacy from 1800 to 1933? How did Franklin Roosevelt transform the power of the presidency and facilitate the rise of presidential government?
- Consistent with the Constitution’s clear intent of legislative supremacy, the nineteenth and early twentieth century are characterized as a “Legislative Epoch” in which American government was deemed by Woodrow Wilson to be “Congressional Government” and in which presidents were often seen as little more than “chief clerks” implementing Congress’s will. Not linked to or representative of major national and social forces, the nineteenth-century presidency left only occasional
room for presidential greatness. The rise of national conventions in the 1830s strengthened the office somewhat, though Congress kept a tight rein on powers of the presidency. The modern presidency began with Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR), who in his first 100 days in office took the reins of the executive branch and eventually promoted policies in Congress that transformed the size and character of American national government. These newly passed programs provided for
national government intervention in American economic life and challenged the traditional balance of power in federalism and the separation of powers.
- The New Deal programs took decisive action to expand the role of the national government. Increased congressional delegation led to enhanced executive powers, and the Supreme Court eventually upheld the New Deal’s federalism changes and broad delegations. Power was given to FDR because of the economic crisis of the Great
Depression.
4. Presidential Government
With the locus of policy decision making shifting from the Congress to the executive branch, how is presidential government performed and legitimated? What are the formal resources of presidential power? What are the contemporary political bases of presidential government? And how do presidents lead the expanded administrative state?
- Presidential government is based, in part, on a number of formal, institutional
resources including the cabinet, the White House staff, the executive office of the president, and the vice presidency.
- The secretaries of the major departments of the national government constitute the president’s cabinet of advisers, which serves as a source of political support and policy coordination and advice; an “inner cabinet” in the National Security Council was established in 1947 and provides the president with expert intelligence and foreign policy advice. The
White House staff of analysts and advisers to the president is an important source of information and a management tool for presidents seeking to control the broader executive branch. The Executive Office of the President (EOP) is part of the broader group of permanent agencies that perform management tasks for the president. These agencies include the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)—the largest and most important—as well as the Council of Economic Advisers and the National
Security Council. The vice president and the office of the vice presidency serve as important political and management resources for the institutional presidency, too. Taken collectively, the president’s institutional resources have helped presidents gain greater control over public policy decisions in the legislative and administrative processes.
- Presidents rely on their own party as a source of power, often calling upon partisan institutions and leaders to exert influence in the legislative process. Presidents often face difficulties during periods of divided government, when the other party controls least one of the two chambers of Congress. “Going public” is a term referring to modern presidents’ use of the mass truyền thông to appeal directly to the electorate for support on a particular issue;
critics claim that this has led to a permanent chiến dịch in the presidential leadership.
- Increasing the reach and power of the Executive Office of the President, presidents seek to control the executive branch, particularly through OMB’s ability to approve or disapprove
of federal agencies’ spending requests. Exerting similar review over agencies’ abilities to propose and promulgate regulatory rules, as well as by appointing loyal supporters to top jobs, the White House has increased its control over the federal bureaucracy. Expanding the use of executive orders and other instruments of direct presidential governance, contemporary presidents do a great giảm giá of governing “by decree.” In recent years, presidents have used signing
statements, policy statements made when the president signs a bill into law, to shape the interpretation and implementation of laws passed by Congress. Although signing statements have a longer history, presidents since Ronald Reagan have used them to affect policy; this practice and the controversies surrounding it reached a high point during the administration of George W. Bush.
5. Presidential Power: Myths and Realities
Must presidential power increase during times of emergency? Are presidents better guardians of the public interest than Congress? Is the presidency a more democratic branch of government than the Congress? That is, does the president have closer ties to the people than Congress does?
- Although the unity of the presidency allows for the “dispatch” and secrecy needed to respond to emergencies (particularly those involving national security), the framers of the Constitution gave many of the powers to respond to security
threats to Congress and Congress rarely, if ever, fails to respond to national emergencies. Moreover, accumulated presidential power, it seems, is not reserved for emergencies; rather, presidents use it routinely. Some have argued that expanded presidential power is a good thing because presidents are better positioned to perceive and represent the “national good,” particularly compared to a Congress that is overly focused on re-election and local interests. Still, enough examples of
presidential personal ambition, partisanship, and preference for special interests exist to challenge this alleged truism. Advocates of presidential power also claim that presidents, as representatives of national constituencies, are closer to the people than Congress. But much of the actual exercise of presidential power takes place in secret (indeed, a constitutionally protected secrecy), rendering much of presidential politics too far removed from the people to justify this
questionable assumption.
What power did president a exercise?
The Constitution explicitly assigns the president the power to sign or veto legislation, command the armed forces, ask for the written opinion of their Cabinet, convene or adjourn Congress, grant reprieves and pardons, and receive ambassadors.Which statement is true concerning the president's veto power quizlet?
Which is true regarding the president's veto power? If the president vetoes a bill, Congress can override the president's objections with a two-thirds vote.What amendment adopted in 1951 prevents presidents from running more than two terms?
The Twenty-second Amendment (Amendment XXII) to the United States Constitution limits the number of times a person is eligible for election to the office of President of the United States to two, and sets additional eligibility conditions for presidents who succeed to the unexpired terms of their predecessors.Which is a power that is granted to the president by the Constitution?
The President has the power either to sign legislation into law or to veto bills enacted by Congress, although Congress may override a veto with a two-thirds vote of both houses. Tải thêm tài liệu liên quan đến nội dung bài viết Activist nineteenth-century presidents tended to claim that they were exercising ______.