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Primary sources provide a first-hand account of an sự kiện or time period and are considered to be authoritative. They represent original thinking, reports on discoveries or events, or they can share new information. Often these sources are created the time the events occurred but they can also include sources that are created later. They are usually the first formal appearance of original research.

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    Primary sourcesSecondary sourcesWhat does primary vs. secondary vs. tertiary mean? Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary SourcesExamples of Primary SourcesWhere To Find Primary SourcesPrimary Sources and Gray LiteratureWhich of the following is the primary source of data in nursing quizlet?Which of the following is considered objective data when gathering information from the patient?What is the primary method of obtaining patient data?Which of the following would be considered objective assessment data?

Secondary sources involve analysis, synthesis, interpretation, or evaluation of primary sources. They often attempt to describe or explain primary sources.

Scholarly journals, although generally considered to be secondary sources, often contain articles on very specific subjects and may be the primary source of information on new developments.

Primary and secondary categories are often not fixed and depend on the study or research you are undertaking. For example, newspaper editorial/opinion pieces can be both primary and secondary. If exploring how an sự kiện affected people a certain time, this type of source would be considered a primary source. If exploring the sự kiện, then the opinion piece would be responding to the sự kiện and therefore is considered to be a secondary source.

Primary sources

Examples of primary resources include:

    diaries, correspondence, ships' logsoriginal documents e.g. birth certificates, trial transcriptsbiographies, autobiographies, manuscriptsinterviews, speeches, oral historiescase law, legislation, regulations, constitutionsgovernment documents, statistical data, research reportsa journal article reporting NEW research or findingscreative art works, literaturenewspaper advertisements and reportage and editorial/opinion pieces

Primary sources can be found using:

    Library collectionPrimary sources for history subject guide

Secondary sources

Secondary sources offer an analysis, interpretation or a restatement of primary sources and are considered to be persuasive. They often involve generalisation, synthesis, interpretation, commentary or evaluation in an attempt to convince the reader of the creator's argument. They often attempt to describe or explain primary sources.

Examples of secondary sources include:

    journal articles that comment on or analyse researchtextbooksdictionaries and encyclopaediasbooks that interpret, analysepolitical commentarybiographiesdissertationsnewspaper editorial/opinion piecescriticism of literature, art works or music

What does primary vs. secondary vs. tertiary mean? 

The distinction between primary, secondary and tertiary sources hinges on how far from the original sự kiện or phenomenon the information source is created. Is it first-hand knowledge? A second-hand interpretation? A third-hand synthesis and summary of what is known? 

    Primary sources are created as close to the original sự kiện or phenomenon as it is possible to be. For example, a photograph or video of an sự kiện is a primary source. Data from an experiment is a primary source. Secondary sources are one step removed from that. Secondary sources are based on or about the primary sources. For example, articles and books in which authors interpret data from another research team's experiment or archival footage of an sự kiện are usually considered secondary sources.Tertiary sources are one further step removed from that. Tertiary sources summarize or synthesize the research in secondary sources. For example, textbooks and reference books are tertiary sources.

Why is this important? Because different kinds of research call for using primary, secondary, and tertiary sources in different ways. For example, a research paper usually requires a combination of primary and secondary sources.

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Sources

The video below describes in greater detail more about the differences between primary, secondary and tertiary sources, and how each is used in research.

[embed]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kvD-KY0E5pY[/embed]

Examples of Primary Sources

This chart offers some examples of topics you might research, along with examples of what might be considered primary sources for those topics.TopicExample of an Appropriate Primary SourceAncient Greek drama Ancient Greek plays; ancient Greek essays about drama. Learning styles of children Data from observational studies; data from experiments Performance of a company Annual reports; SEC filings Ancient Chinese textiles Contemporary paintings of the textiles; an ancient Chinese manual on weaving Hmong immigrants' attitudes toward libraries Recordings or transcripts of interviews with Hmong immigrants President F. Roosevelt's speeches Recordings of his Fireside Chat radio broadcasts; his speech notes Sinking of a ship in 1920 Newspapers and newsreels about the sự kiện; a memoir Effects of different bleach concentrations on a virus Data from an experiment

Where To Find Primary Sources

Unlike articles and books, primary sources are often unpublished, and that can make them harder to find. But there are many tools to help you locate them.

      The Web 
        Use a search engine to search for your topic, adding phrases like "primary sources," "letters," "newsreel," etc.
      Primary source databases 
        Many libraries subscribe to databases of primary sources. Empire State College Online Library's primary source databases can be found in the Primary Sources subject guide.
      Newspapers 
        Newspapers are key primary sources for past current events. Try searching newspaper databases with deep archives, likeNew York Times Archive and websites like the Library of Congress's Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers.
      Scientific research articles 
        In the sciences, peer-reviewed research articles are considered primary sources. This makes sense, because they are full of direct evidence in the form of data. 
      Project Gutenberg 
        If your topic is literature, then old literature counts as a primary source. Project Gutenberg has digitized an incredible amount of public domain literature. 
      Museums, archives, historical societies, civic and cultural groups, religious institutions, and public libraries
        Cultural institutions often collect pictures, letters, diaries, archival materials, ephemera, etc. As it becomes faster and cheaper to do so, they are preserving this material and providing public access to it by scanning it and making it available on the Web. You will likely gain access to even more resources if you are able to visit the institution housing it in person. For starters, try Library of Congress | American Memory.
      Government agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGO) 
        If you need statistics and datasets, try UNdata or USA.gov | Reference Center | Data and Statistics

Primary Sources and Gray Literature

You may have noticed that there is an overlap between the topic of gray literature and the topic of primary sources. Long story short - Not all Gray Literature is Primary Sources, and not every Primary Source is an example of Gray Literature. But here are some examples of things that are both:

    Annual reportsGovernment reportsUnpublished manuscriptsData setsA researcher's notes or logs.

Which of the following is the primary source of data in nursing quizlet?

(The client is the primary and usually the best source of information. Unless specified otherwise, it is assumed the data recorded in the nursing history were collected from the client. A client reports to a health care facility with complaints of abdominal pain and vomiting.

Which of the following is considered objective data when gathering information from the patient?

Objective data in nursing refers to information that can be measured through physical examination, observation, or diagnostic testing. Examples of objective data include, but are not limited to, physical findings or patient behaviors observed by the nurse, laboratory test results, and vital signs.

What is the primary method of obtaining patient data?

The primary methods used to collect data are observing, interviewing, and examining. Observation occurs whenever the nurse is in contact with the client or support persons. Interviewing is used mainly while taking the nursing health history.

Which of the following would be considered objective assessment data?

Objective data is obtained during the physical examination component of the assessment process. Examples of objective data are vital signs, physical examination findings, and laboratory results. An example of objective data is recording a blood pressure reading of 140/86. Tải thêm tài liệu liên quan đến nội dung bài viết Which of the following is considered a primary source when gathering assessment data?

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