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Nội dung chính Show - Just Say No to AlcoholHomes for the DestituteDifferent Backgrounds, Different LivesHow did the development of settlement houses affect urban American society?Which of the following statements about Jane Addams and Hull House is true?Which of the following was true of the leaders of the settlement house movement?What goal of the Progressive Era is represented by this image and the existence of Hull House?
Library of Congress
Artist Charles Dana Gibson's representation of American womanhood the turn of the century was so captivating that it seemed every woman wanted to become a "Gibson Girl." In this cartoon, Gibson parodies his own creation, having the women toy with a minuscule man with the aid of a magnifying glass. Times were definitely changing.
The idea was to create a maternal commonwealth. Upper-middle-class women of the late 19th century were not content with the cult of domesticity of the early 1800s. Many had become college educated and yearned to put their knowledge and skills to work for the public good.
Maternal commonwealth meant just that. The values of women's sphere — caretaking, piety, purity — would be taken out of the home and placed in the public life. The result was a broad reform movement that transformed America.
Just Say No to Alcohol
Many educated women of the age felt that many of society's greatest disorders could be traced to alcohol. According to their view, alcohol led to increased domestic violence and neglect. It decreased the income families could spend on necessities and promoted prostitution and adultery. In short, prohibition of alcohol might diminish some of these maladies.
Frances Willard was the president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, the nation's foremost prohibition organization. Although national prohibition was not enacted until 1919, the WCTU was successful pressuring state and local governments to pass dry laws. Willard advocated a "Do Everything" policy, which meant that chapters of the WCTU also served as soup kitchens or medical clinics.
The WCTU worked within the system, but there were radical temperance advocates who did not. Carry Nation preferred the direct approach of taking an ax into saloons and chopping the bars to pieces.
Homes for the Destitute
Another way women promoted the values of women's sphere into the public arena was through the settlement house movement. A settlement house was a home where destitute immigrants could go when they had nowhere else to turn. Settlement houses provided family-style cooking, lessons in English, and tips on how to adapt to American culture.
The first settlement house began in 1889 in Chicago and was called Hull House. Its organizer, Jane Addams, intended Hull House to serve as a prototype for other settlement houses. By 1900 there were nearly 100 settlement houses in the nation's cities. Jane Addams was considered the founder of a new profession — social work.
Different Backgrounds, Different Lives
Most of the advocates of maternal commonwealth were white, upper-middle-class women. Many of these women had received a college education and felt obliged to put it to use. About half of the women in this demographic group never married, choosing instead independence. Other college educated women were content to join literary clubs to keep academic pursuits alive.
Women and labor
For women who did not attend college, life was much different. Many single, middle-class women took jobs in the new cities. Clerical jobs opened as typewriters became indispensable to the modern corporation. The telephone service required switchboard operators and the new department store required sales positions. Many of these women found themselves feeling marvelously independent, despite the lower wages they were paid in comparison with their male counterparts.
For others, life was less glamorous. Wives of immigrants often took extra tenants called boarders into their already crowded tenement homes. By providing food and laundry service a fee, they generated necessary extra income for the families. Many did domestic work for the middle class to supplement income.
In the South, the lives of wealthy women changed from managing a home on a slave plantation to one with hired work. Women who found themselves with new freedom from slavery still suffered great difficulties. Sharecropping was a male and female task. Women in these conditions found themselves doing double duty by working the fields by day and the house by night.
Abstract
This article examines how conditions in turn-of-the-century Chicago seemed inimical to uniting progressive policies and democratic politics, and shows how Jane Addams was unusual for her era in her simultaneous commitment to progressivism and democracy. In Democracy and Social Ethics and Twenty Years Hull-House, Addams argues that humanity's ethical values must evolve in response to the new urban conditions emerging in the twentieth century. This article identifies various philosophical conflicts with which Addams had to giảm giá in her attempt to reconcile democracy and progressivism, and shows how her experiences Hull-House structured her responses to those philosophical oppositions. The three oppositions that Addams dealt with are the distinction between private or individual reform and public reform, the ethical gulf between abstract ethics (i.e., “honesty”) and lived ethics (i.e., “neighborliness”), and the divergent interests of the wealthy and the poor.
Journal Information
If “interdisciplinary” connotes anything, it should be improved communication across disciplines that fosters mutual understanding. This, in turn, advances our understanding of the deeply complex ethical and moral issues facing our world today. Acknowledging the need for diversity and integrity in speaking to these issues, Soundings promotes dialogue, reflection, inquiry, discussion, and action. These activities are informed by scholarship and by the acknowledgment of the civil and social responsibilities of academe to engage the world beyond the ivory tower.
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Part of the Pennsylvania State University and a division of the Penn State University Libraries and Scholarly Communications, Penn State University Press serves the University community, the citizens of Pennsylvania, and scholars worldwide by advancing scholarly communication in the core liberal arts disciplines of the humanities and social sciences. The Press unites with alumni, friends, faculty, and staff to chronicle the University's life and history. And as part of a land-grant and state-supported institution, the Press develops both scholarly and popular publications about Pennsylvania, all designed to foster a better understanding of the state's history, culture, and environment.
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How did the development of settlement houses affect urban American society?
Settlement houses brought communities together by providing social services to the urban poor, all of which were designed to improve their standard of living. These services emphasized education and culture, and often included language classes, childcare, art, dance, sports, and social events.Which of the following statements about Jane Addams and Hull House is true?
All of the following statements about Jane Addams and Hull House are true EXCEPT: She believed that immigrant women primarily needed union protection. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Progressive reformers? Progressives pursued radical alternatives to capitalism.Which of the following was true of the leaders of the settlement house movement?
Which of the following was true of the leaders of the settlement house movement? They directed their attention to the problems faced by the working poor and immigrant communities living in cities.What goal of the Progressive Era is represented by this image and the existence of Hull House?
What goal of the Progressive Era is represented by this image and the existence of Hull House? Fostering efficiency. Tải thêm tài liệu liên quan đến nội dung bài viết How did Hull House and other settlement houses transform the lives of their tenants?